NCERT Notes

Class 12 History Chapter 5: Framing the Constitution – The Making of the Indian Constitution Notes After independence, India’s leaders faced the challenge of drafting a Constitution that would guide the nation’s future. This chapter examines the debates in the Constituent Assembly, the role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, and key principles like democracy, secularism, and […]

Class 12 History Chapter 4: Understanding Partition – Politics, Memories, and Communalism Notes The Partition of India (1947) was one of the most traumatic events in South Asian history, leading to mass migration, communal violence, and political division. This chapter explores the political developments that led to Partition, the role of leaders like Jinnah and

Class 12 History Chapter 3: Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement – Civil Disobedience and Beyond Notes Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in India’s freedom movement, leading mass movements like Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India. This chapter examines his philosophy of Satyagraha, his leadership in key struggles like the Dandi March, and the

Class 12 History Chapter 2: Colonial Cities – Urbanisation, Planning, and Architecture Under British Rule Notes British colonial rule brought significant changes to Indian cities, reshaping them through urban planning, architecture, and administrative policies. This chapter explores the development of Presidency cities like Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, the emergence of hill stations, cantonments, and railway

Class 12 History Chapter 1: Rebels and the Raj – The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations Notes The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, was a significant uprising against British rule. This chapter explores the causes, events, and consequences of the revolt, highlighting the role of leaders like Rani

Class 12 History Chapter 5: Kings and Chronicles – The Mughal Court and Histories Notes The Mughal court (16th–18th century) was known for its elaborate rituals, administration, and rich historiography. This chapter examines the court culture, royal chronicles, and historical writings of Mughal rulers, including texts like the Akbarnama (by Abul Fazl) and Badshahnama. It

Class 12 History Chapter 4: Peasants, Zamindars, and the State – Agrarian Society and Mughal Economy (c. 16th–17th Century) Notes During the Mughal era (16th–17th century), agriculture was the backbone of the economy, with peasants, zamindars, and state officials playing key roles. This chapter explores the Mughal revenue system, land ownership patterns, irrigation techniques, and

Class 12 History Chapter 3: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara – The Vijayanagara Empire (c. 14th–16th Century) Notes The Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE) was one of the greatest medieval South Indian empires, known for its grand architecture, military strength, and economic prosperity. This chapter explores the city of Hampi, its monuments, temples, irrigation systems, and trade

Class 12 History Chapter 2: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions – Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts Notes The Bhakti and Sufi movements emerged as spiritual traditions that emphasized devotion, love, and equality over rigid religious practices. This chapter examines the teachings of Kabir, Mirabai, Guru Nanak, and Sufi saints like Nizamuddin Auliya, highlighting their impact on

Class 12 History Chapter 1: Through the Eyes of Travellers – Perceptions of Society (c. 10th–17th Century) Notes Between the 10th and 17th centuries, several foreign travelers visited India and documented their experiences. This chapter explores the writings of Al-Biruni, Ibn Battuta, and François Bernier, highlighting their observations on Indian society, economy, caste system, and