Class 12 Polity Notes

Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 7: Security in the Contemporary World Notes Security today is not just about military threats but also includes economic, environmental, and human security challenges. This chapter discusses traditional and non-traditional security concerns, terrorism, cyber threats, and nuclear disarmament. It also explores global efforts to maintain peace and security. Introduction: […]

Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 6: International Organizations Notes International organizations like the United Nations (UN), IMF, World Bank, and WTO play a crucial role in global governance. This chapter explores their structure, functions, and impact on international relations. It also discusses the need for UN reforms and India’s bid for a permanent seat

Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 5: Contemporary South Asia Notes South Asia, home to countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, has a complex political landscape shaped by conflicts, economic cooperation, and regional organizations like SAARC. This chapter examines India-Pakistan relations, democracy in South Asian nations, economic challenges, and regional stability. Introduction:

Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 4: Alternative Centres of Power Notes As US dominance grew, new centers of power emerged, including the European Union (EU), China, Russia, and ASEAN. This chapter discusses how these regional powers challenge US hegemony, promote economic growth, and shape international relations. It highlights China’s economic rise, the EU’s political

Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 3: US Hegemony in World Politics Notes After the Cold War, the United States emerged as the world’s sole superpower, influencing global politics, economics, and military affairs. This chapter explores US military dominance, economic influence through organizations like the IMF and World Bank, and cultural hegemony via media and

Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 2: The End of Bipolarity Notes The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 ended the bipolar world order, leading to the emergence of a unipolar world dominated by the USA. This chapter examines the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev (Glasnost & Perestroika), the fall of the Berlin Wall, and

Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 1: The Cold War Era Notes The Cold War (1947–1991) was a period of political and military tension between the United States (USA) and the Soviet Union (USSR). This chapter explores the causes, key events like the Cuban Missile Crisis, formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and the