Class 12 Politics in India since Independence Chapter 8: Recent Developments in Indian Politics Notes Since the 1990s, Indian politics has undergone significant changes, including coalition governments, economic liberalization, and the rise of regional parties. This chapter explores the shift from single-party dominance to coalition politics, the role of the BJP and Congress, and key […]
Class 12 Politics in India since Independence Chapter 7: Regional Aspirations Notes India’s diversity has led to regional movements demanding autonomy, statehood, and cultural identity. This chapter discusses movements like the Punjab crisis (Khalistan Movement), Assam agitation, and the demand for new states (Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh). It also explores how regional aspirations were accommodated within
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Class 12 Politics in India since Independence Chapter 6: The Crisis of Democratic Order Notes The Emergency (1975-77) was a turning point in Indian democracy, leading to the suspension of civil liberties, press censorship, and mass arrests. This chapter examines the causes of the Emergency, its impact on democracy, and the rise of the Janata
Class 12 Politics in India since Independence Chapter 5: Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System Notes By the late 1960s, the Congress party faced internal conflicts, rising opposition, and political instability. This chapter examines the split in the Congress (1969), Indira Gandhi’s leadership, and the emergence of new political forces. It also discusses
Class 12 Politics in India since Independence Chapter 4: India’s External Relations Notes India’s foreign policy after independence was shaped by the principles of non-alignment, peaceful coexistence, and strategic diplomacy. This chapter explores India’s relations with neighboring countries (Pakistan, China), global powers (USA, USSR), and its role in international organizations. It also covers major events
Class 12 Politics in India since Independence Chapter 3: Politics of Planned Development Notes India adopted a socialist-inspired economic model based on five-year plans, focusing on industrial growth, self-sufficiency, and reducing inequality. This chapter discusses the role of the Planning Commission, land reforms, and public sector investments, along with debates on economic policies and their
Class 12 Politics in India since Independence Chapter 2: Era of One-Party Dominance Notes India adopted a socialist-inspired economic model based on five-year plans, focusing on industrial growth, self-sufficiency, and reducing inequality. This chapter discusses the role of the Planning Commission, land reforms, and public sector investments, along with debates on economic policies and their
Class 12 Politics in India since Independence Chapter 1: Challenges of Nation Building Notes After gaining independence in 1947, India faced major challenges in integrating diverse regions, maintaining unity, and developing a democratic system. This chapter discusses the partition of India, the integration of princely states under Sardar Patel, and the linguistic reorganization of states.
Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 9: Globalization Notes Globalization has transformed the world by increasing economic, cultural, and technological interdependence. This chapter explores the impact of globalization on developing nations, multinational corporations (MNCs), global trade, and the rise of digital economies. It also discusses debates over economic inequality and cultural homogenization. Introduction: What is
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Class 12 Contemporary World Politics Chapter 8: Environment and Natural Resources Notes Environmental issues like climate change, deforestation, and pollution have become global concerns. This chapter examines the role of international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, the impact of industrialization, and how sustainable development can balance economic growth with environmental conservation. Introduction:
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