Indian Polity Notes

Federal System Notes India follows a federal system with a strong central government. The Constitution of India establishes a quasi-federal structure where power is divided between the Centre and the States, but the Centre has more authority in crucial matters. Meaning of a Federal System A federal system is a system of government where power […]

Parliamentary System Notes The Parliamentary System is a system of governance where the executive is responsible to the legislature. India follows the British Westminster Model of parliamentary democracy. Meaning of Parliamentary System The President is the nominal head (constitutional head). The Prime Minister is the real head (executive head). The Council of Ministers is collectively

Amendments Notes The Constitution of India is neither too rigid nor too flexible. The process of amendment (Article 368) ensures the Constitution evolves with changing needs while preserving its basic structure. Constitutional Provisions for Amendment (Article 368) Article 368 provides the procedure for amending the Constitution. Three types of amendments: By a simple majority of

Basic Structure Notes The Basic Structure Doctrine is a judicial principle that ensures certain fundamental aspects of the Constitution cannot be altered by Parliament through amendments. Meaning of Basic Structure Doctrine Ensures that Parliament cannot destroy the fundamental principles of the Constitution. Not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution but evolved through Supreme Court judgments. Prevents

Fundamental Duties Notes The Fundamental Duties are enshrined in Part IV-A (Article 51A) of the Indian Constitution. They specify the moral and civic responsibilities of Indian citizens towards the nation. Introduction to Fundamental Duties Added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, based on the Soviet Constitution (USSR). Enshrined in Article 51A under Part IV-A. Originally,

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) Notes The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36-51) of the Indian Constitution. They serve as guidelines for the government to create a just and equitable society. Meaning & Features of DPSP Non-justiciable – Cannot be enforced in a court of law. Fundamental

Fundamental Rights Notes The Fundamental Rights (FRs) are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12-35) of the Indian Constitution. They are the cornerstone of Indian democracy and provide civil liberties, equality, and protection against state actions. Meaning & Features of Fundamental Rights Guaranteed to all citizens and some also apply to non-citizens. Act as limitations on

Citizenship Notes This chapter explains citizenship in India, constitutional provisions, ways of acquiring and losing citizenship, and important laws like the Citizenship Act, 1955. Meaning of Citizenship Citizenship defines the relationship between an individual and the state. A citizen enjoys full political and civil rights (e.g., right to vote, right to contest elections). Non-citizens (foreigners)

Union and Its Territory Notes This chapter explains the structure of the Indian Union, formation of states and union territories, and provisions related to changes in India’s territory. Articles Related to Union and Its Territory Part I of the Constitution (Articles 1 to 4) deals with the territorial structure of India. Article Provision Article 1

Preamble of the Indian Constitution Notes The Preamble is the introduction to the Indian Constitution. It reflects the philosophy, objectives, and fundamental values on which the Constitution is based. Meaning and Importance of the Preamble Derived from the Latin word ‘Praeambulum’, meaning introduction or preface. Acts as the identity card of the Constitution (K.M. Munshi).