Passage-1

According to the Food and Agriculture organizaation, one-third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally. Food is lost or wasted thoroughout the supply chain, from initial agricultural production to final household consumption. The increasing wastage also results in land degradation by about 45%, mainly due to deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, and excessive groundwater extraction. The energy spent over wasted food results is about 3.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide production every year. Decay also leaders to harmful emissions of other gases in the atmosphere. Addressing the loss and wastage of food in all forms is critical to complete the cycle of food sufficiency and food sustainability.

1. Which of the following statements best reflect the most logical and rational inferences that can be made from the passage?

1. The current methods of food distribution are solely responsible for the loss and wastage of food.
2. Land productivity is adversely affected by the prevailing trend of food loss and wastage.
3. Reduction in the loss and wastage of food results in lesser carbon footprint.
4. Post-harvest technologies to prevent or reduce the loss and wastage of food are not available.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. 1,2 and 3
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1,3 and 4
4. 1,2 and 4

2. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. The food distribution mechanism need to be reimagined and made effective to reduce the loss and wastage of food.
2. Ensuring the reduction of wastage and loss of food is a social and moral responsibility of all citizens.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Passage-2

As inflation rises, even governments previously committed to budget discipline are spending freely to help households. Higher interest rates announced by central banks are supposed to help produce modest fiscal austerity, because to maintain stable debts while paying more to borrow, governments must cut spending or raise taxes. Without the fiscal backup, monetary policy eventually loses traction. Higher interest rates become inflationary, not disflationary, because they simply lead governments to borrow more to pay rising debt-service costs. The risk of monetary unmooring is greater when public debt rises, because interest rates becomes more important to budget deficits.

3. Which of the following statements best reflects/reflect the most logical and rational inferences/inference that can be made from the passage?

1. Central banks cannot bring down inflation without budgetary backing.
2. The effects of monetary policy depend on the fiscal policies pursued by the government.

select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

4. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Fiscal policies of governments are solely responsible for higher prices.
2. Higher prices do not affect the long term government bonds.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Passage-3

Today, if we consider cities such as New York, London and Paris as some of the most iconic cities in the world, it is because plans carrying a heavy systems approach were imposed on their precincts. The backbone of the systems theory is the process of translating social, spatial and cultural desirables into mathematical models using computing, statistics, optimization and an algorithmic way of formulating and solving problems. Th early universities of the West which began to train professionals in planning, spawned some of the most ingenious planners, who were experts in these domains. This wastage because these very subjects were absorbed into the planning curriculum that had its roots in the social sciences, geography and architecture. Planning in India, and its education differ from the West.

5. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?

1. Curriculum for urban planning courses should have diverse and interdisciplinary approach.
2. In India, city administration is under bureaucracy which lacks formal training in urban planning and management.
3. In India, the management of urban areas is a local affair with a chronic problem of insufficient funds.
4. With high density of population and widespread poverty in our urban areas, planned development in them is very difficult.

6. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been marked:

1. India needs a new generation of urban professionals with knowledge relevant to modern urban practice.
2. Indian universities at present have no capacity or potential to impart training in systems approach.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Passage-4

Not every voice on the internet commands the same kind of audience. When anonymous private entities with high capital can pay for more space for their opinions, they are effectively buying a louder voice. If political discourse in the digital sphere is a matter of outshining one’s opponent till the election is Won, then the quality of politics suffers. The focus of social media is restricted to the promotion of content that generates more user engagement, regardless of how inflammatory the content may be.

7. Which one of the following statements best reflects the central idea of the above passage?

1. Constructed as a marketplace of views, social media ensures instant access to information.
2. Social media are not ideal or moral institutions but the products built by companies to make profits.
3. Social media have been created to strengthen democracies.
4. In today’s world, social media are inevitable for well informed social life.

8. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Internet is not inclusive enough.
2. Internet can adversely affect the quality of politics in a country.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Passage-5

By the time children reach class 8, the bulk of them tend to be in the age range of 13 years to 15 years. But in our country, about a quarter of all children in class 8 Struggle with reading simple texts and more than half are still unable to do basic arthmetic operations like division. Every year about 25 million young boys and girls form elementary school move into the life that lies for them beyond compulsory schooling. They cannot enter the workforce at least in the organized sector till they are 18. For many families, these children are the first from their families ever to get this far in school. Parents and children expect that such ‘graduates’ from school will go on to high school and college. Hardly anyone wants to go back to agriculture. On the other hand, abilities in terms of academic competencies are far lower than they should be even based on curricular expectations of class 8.

9. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. For effective school education, parents have greater role than the governments.
2. School curriculum that conforms to today’s requirements and is uniform for the entire country may address the issues brought out.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

10. Which one of the following statements best reflects the central idea conveyed by the passage?

1. Total eradication of poverty in the country will resolve the issue of under-performance of our schoolchildren.
2. Monetary incentives to parents and teachers is a strategy to improve the children’s academic performance.
3. Public policy should ensure that competencies and achievements of young people are aligned with their expectations.
4. Indis is not going to take advantage of the demographic divided unless some school pass-outs go back to agriculture.

Passage-6

We take it for granted now that science has a social responsibility. The idea would not have occurred to Newton or Galileo. They thought of science as an account of the world as it is, and the only responsibility that they acknowledged was to tell the truth. The idea that science is a social enterprise is modern, and it begins at the industrial revolution. We are suprised that we cannot trace a social sense further back, because we nurse the illusion that the industrial revolution ended a golden age.

11. Which one of the following statements best reflects the thinking of the author about the science?

1. Science must value the commitment of the scientists.
2. Science is a product of civilized society and must be used for the promotion of scientific awareness in people.
3. Industrial revolution was made possible by the advancements in science.
4. Science must pursue truth but be responsible for social welfare.

Passage-7

“The history of science is the real history of mankind.” In this striking epigram, a nineteenth-century writer links science with its background. Like most epigrams, its power lies in emphasizing by contrast an aspect of truth which may be easily overlooked. In that case, it is easy to overlook the relations between science and mankind, and to treat the former as some abstract third party, which can sometimes be praised for its beneficial influences, but frequently and conveniently blamed for the horrors of war. Science and mankind cannot be divorced from time to time at men’s convenience. Yet we have seen that, in spite of countless opportunities of improvement, the opening years of the present period of civiliation have been dominated by international conflict. Is This the inevitable result of the progress of science or does the fault lie elsewhere?

12. Which of the following is/are emphatically conveyed by the author of the passage?

1. Without science, mankind could not have continued to exist till today.
2. It is the science that will ultimately determine the destiny of mankind.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

13. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. The horrors of modern life are the inevitable result of the progress of science.
2. The aspect of truth likely to be overlooked is that science is what man has made it.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Passage-8

Only with long experience and opening of his wares on many a beach where his language is not spoken, will the merchant come to know the worth of what he carries, and what is parochial and what is universal in his choice. Such delicate goods as justice, love and honour, courtey, and indeed all the things we care for, are valid everywhere but they are variously moulded and often differently handled, and sometimes nearly unrecognizable if you meet them in a foreign land, and the art of learning fundamental common values is perhaps the greatest gain of travel to those who wish to live at ease among their fellows.

14. When we meet other people while we travel, we learn to differentiate between

1. imagination and understanding
2. communities and nationalities
3. local values and universal values
4. friends and foes

15. With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Travel leads to an understanding of humans.
2. Travel helps those who wish to learn fundamental common values.
3. A person with long experience in travel can resolve differences amongst people.

Which of the assumptions given above are valid?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1,2 and 3

Passage-9

Conventional classrooms, by emphasizing fixed duration over learning effectiveness, resign themselves to variable outcomes. The tyranny of the classroom is that every learner is subjected to the same set of lectures in the same way for the same duration. In the end, a few learners shine, some survive, and the rest are left behind. After the fixed duration, the classroom model moves ib, with not a thought spared for those left behind. This is how we end up with 10 percent employability in our graduates after a decade and half of formal education. Repeating the same ineffectual script in the realm of skill education will not produce different results.

16. Which of the following statements best reflects/reflect the most logical and rational inference/inferences that can be made from the passage?

1. In conventional classroom learning, the central goal is duration of learning rather than attainment of competencty.
2. Conventional classrooms encourage one-size-fits-all approach and stamp out all differentiation.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

17. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. As a large number of workers in our country are employed in unorganized sector, India does not need to change its present conventional classroom system of education.
2. Even with its present conventional classroom system of education, India produces sufficient number of skilled workers to fully realize the benifits of demographic dividend.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Passage-10

When a child reaches adolescence, there is apt to be a conflict between the parents anmd the child, since the latter considers himself to be by now quite capable of managing his own affairs, While the former are filled with parental solicitude, which is often a disguise for love of power. Parents consider, usually, that the various moral problems which arise in adolescence are peculiarly their province. The options they express, however, are so dogmatic that the young seldom confide in them, and usually go their own way in secret.

18. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. The adolescent does not feel comfortable with his parents because they tend to be dominating and assertive.
2. The adolescent of modern times does not have much respect for parents.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

19. Which one of the following statements best reflect the central idea of the above passage?

1. Parents in general may not be of much help when children are on their way to becoming adults.
2. When children reach adolescence, involvement of parents in their lives is unnecessary.
3. Modern-day nuclear families are not capable of bringing up children properly
4. In modern societies, adolescents tend to be stubborn, disobedient and careless.

Passage-11

When an international team of scientists pumped a carbondioxide and water mix into underground basalt rocks, basic chemistry took over. The acidic mixture dissolved rocks. Calcium abd magnesium formed limestone. Basically, carbondioxide converted into stone, exclaimed the scientists.

20. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical, rational and practical suggestion implied by the passage?

1. It is a cheap and practical method to produce limestone at commercial level for building purposes.
2. This can be used as one of the methods of carbon sequestration.
3. Basalt rocks can be made a good source of calcium and magnesium minerals by this method.
4. Good rock-dissolving acid can be produced by mixing carbon dioxide and water.

Passage-12

Geographers analyzed 175 satellite images of ocean colour, which is an indicator of phytoplankton productivity at the ocean’s surface, and found that giant icebergs are responsible fpr storing up to 20 percent of carbon in the Southern Ocean. The researchers discovered that melting water from giant icebergs which contains iron and other nutrients, supports hitherto unexpectedly high levels of phytoplankton growth.

21. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Giant icebergs have a bearing on primary productivity and food chains of the Southern Ocean.
2. Melting of giant icebergs can produce climate change effects and impact world fisheries.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Passage-13

Evolution has endowed caterpillaras that feed on corn with a unique ability, they can induce the plant to turn off its defence against insect predators. This helps caterpillaras to eat more and grow faster. The agent that causes this effect is the caterpillar’s faeces or frass. The find could throw new light on compounds associated with plant response to pathogens like fungi or bacteria.

22. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical, rational and practical message conveyed by the passage?

1. Farmers can use caterpillars to feed on weeds in their crop fields/plantations.
2. This finding can help in the development of clinically useful antimicrobil compounds.
3. This finding can help in the development of organic, ecologically sustainable pesticides.
4. Caterpillars can be genetically modified to be predators of the other plant pests.

Passage-14

In a robust democracy, reality, howsoever inconvenient it may be, finds its expression both in the speech of political may be, finds its expression both in the speech of political leaders and the other social forms of assertion. The existence of the real has to be transparent, both through its circulation in and by the media as well as its argumentative articulation in deliberative democracy. A normatively responsible media through its communication effect has the responsibility to circulate the content of reality without disortion.

23. Which one of the following statements best reflects the crux of the above passage?

1. Responsible media should not disort the real in an ideal democracy.
2. Fake news seems inherent in the life of an ideal democracy.
3. There should not be any kind of restrictions on the freedom of expression in an ideal democracy.
4. Irresponsible media and political leaders cannot be effectively controlled in an ideal democracy.

Passage-15

Now-a-days there is a growing trend to use interconnected home devices. As consumers increasingly network their homes, the connected home device manufacturers and service providers will seek to overcome “thin profit margins by gathering more of our personal data – with or without our agreement – turning the home into a corporate storefront.” Corporate marketers will have powerful incentives to observe consumer behaviour to understand the buying needs and preferences of the device owners.

24. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical, rational and practical message implied by the passage?

1. Knowledge of consumer behaviour leads to more capital expenditure in manufacturing sector.
2. Knowledge of consumer behaviour stimulates the growth of commerce and trade and thus helps in the overall economic development of the country.
3. Interconnected devices gice a lot of comfort to home users and improve the overall quality of life.
4. Interconnected devices can be at security risk and home users may have privacy risk.

Passage-16

Green growth involves rethinking growth strategies with regard to the impacts on environmental sustainability and the environmental resources available to poor and vulnerable groups. In rethinking growth, we need to focus on the current reality of a resource-constrained world. Resource intensive and, in particular energy intensive processes will need to make way for more efficient and resource frugal development strategies if we are to avoid an economic dead end or a world in which only a small elite is able to enjoy affluence in the midst of a sea of poverty.

25. Which one of the following statements best reflects the crux of the above passage?

1. Environmental sustainability is inimical to our objective of achieving a high rate of GDP growth.
2. Poverty eradication is not possible without a rapid economic growth and the consequent environmental degredation.
3. Maintaining high environmental standards is now a prerequisite for achieving a steady, sufficient and inclusive growth.
4. With large populations, rampant poverty and limited resources of today’s world, environmental degradation cannot be prevented and inequalities are inevitable.

Passage-17

Unlike religion and science, peotry does not posit or expect any belief in absolute truths. Those forces or individuals who claim to have absolute truths in their grasp tend to turn dictorial and tyrannical. Truth usually does not admit any contradictions or imperfections. It is unitarian. It is therefore, not of much use for peotry. Poetry abides by the plurality of life and existence. Perhaps poetry follows reality which is plural, anachronistic, full of contradictions. Against the tyranny of truth, poetry remains a partisan of democratic reality. Against the arrogance of power, wealth and hierarchy, poetry proposes both humility and defiance.

26. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical and rational message conveyed by the above passage?

1. It is the poetry, not science or religion, which recognizes and accepts imperfections in humans.
2. Truth is revealed through science or religion and poetry is anathema to truth.
3. Poetry is romantic, imaginary and is about feeling whereas science and religion are about truth.
4. In a world of violence, tyranny and bigotry, peotry is a form of dynamic resistance.

Passage-18

The flower was not invented to please us. It flaunted petals and spread its perfume to attract an insect. The insect carries the pollen from flower to flower so that pollen is not carried away by wind and thus not wasted. What we call a flower’s beauty is merely a by-product and a human inventions. The perfume is not there to please us, it pleases us because it is there and we have been conditioned to it.

27. Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. The author of the passage believes that flowers are creation of Nature’s luxury.
2. The author of the passage does not believe in the usefulness of flowers except as things of beauty.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2